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Performance Indicators

Metaheuristics.jl includes performance indicators to assess evolutionary optimization algorithms performance.

Available indicators:

Performance Indicators in Julia

Minimization is always assumed here.

Note that in Metaheuristics.jl, minimization is always assumed. Therefore these indicators have been developed for minimization problems.

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators — Module
PerformanceIndicators

This module includes performance indicators to assess evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms.

  • gd Generational Distance.
  • igd Inverted Generational Distance.
  • gd_plus Generational Distance plus.
  • igd_plus Inverted Generational Distance plus.
  • covering Covering indicator (C-metric).
  • hypervolume Hypervolume indicator.

Example

julia> import Metaheuristics: PerformanceIndicators, TestProblems

julia> A = [ collect(1:3) collect(1:3) ]
3×2 Array{Int64,2}:
 1  1
 2  2
 3  3

julia> B = A .- 1
3×2 Array{Int64,2}:
 0  0
 1  1
 2  2

julia> PerformanceIndicators.gd(A, B)
0.47140452079103173

julia> f, bounds, front = TestProblems.get_problem(:ZDT1);

julia> front
                          F space
         ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ 
       1 │⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠈⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠈⢆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠢⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠢⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠢⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
   f_2   │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⢤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠲⢄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠒⢤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠢⢄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⠢⢄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠢⠤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
         │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠑⠢⢤⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│ 
       0 │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠒⠢⢄⣀│ 
         └────────────────────────────────────────┘ 
         0                                        1
                            f_1

julia> PerformanceIndicators.igd_plus(front, front)
0.0
source

Generational Distance

Generational Distance in Julia

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.gd — Function
gd(front, true_pareto_front; p = 1)

Returns the Generational Distance.

Parameters

front and true_pareto_front can be:

  • N×m matrix where N is the number of points and m is the number of objectives.
  • State
  • Array{xFgh_indiv} (usually State.population)
source

Generational Distance Plus

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.gd_plus — Function
gd_plus(front, true_pareto_front; p = 1)

Returns the Generational Distance Plus.

Parameters

front and true_pareto_front can be:

  • N×m matrix where N is the number of points and m is the number of objectives.
  • State
  • Array{xFgh_indiv} (usually State.population)
source

Inverted Generational Distance

Inverted Generational Distance in Julia

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.igd — Function
igd(front, true_pareto_front; p = 1)

Returns the Inverted Generational Distance.

Parameters

front and true_pareto_front can be:

  • N×m matrix where N is the number of points and m is the number of objectives.
  • State
  • Array{xFgh_indiv} (usually State.population)
source

Inverted Generational Distance Plus

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.igd_plus — Function
igd_plus(front, true_pareto_front; p = 1)

Returns the Inverted Generational Distance Plus.

Parameters

front and true_pareto_front can be:

  • N×m matrix where N is the number of points and m is the number of objectives.
  • State
  • Array{xFgh_indiv} (usually State.population)
source

Spacing Indicator

Covering Indicator ($C$-metric)

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.covering — Function
covering(A, B)

Computes the covering indicator (percentage of vectors in B that are dominated by vectors in A) from two sets with non-dominated solutions.

A and B with size (n, m) where n is number of samples and m is the vector dimension.

Note that covering(A, B) == 1 means that all solutions in B are dominated by those in A. Moreover, covering(A, B) != covering(B, A) in general.

If A::State and B::State, then computes covering(A.population, B.population) after ignoring dominated solutions in each set.

source

Hypervolume

Hypervolume Indicator in Julia

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.hypervolume — Function
hypervolume(front, reference_point)

Computes the hypervolume indicator, i.e., volume between points in front and reference_point.

Note that each point in front must (weakly) dominates to reference_point. Also, front is a non-dominated set.

If front::State and reference_point::Vector, then computes hypervolume(front.population, reference_point) after ignoring solutions in front that do not dominate reference_point.

source

Examples

Computing hypervolume indicator from vectors in a Matrix

julia> import Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators: hypervolume

julia> f1 = collect(0:10); # objective 1

julia> f2 = 10 .- collect(0:10); # objective 2

julia> front = [ f1 f2 ]
11×2 Array{Int64,2}:
  0  10
  1   9
  2   8
  3   7
  4   6
  5   5
  6   4
  7   3
  8   2
  9   1
 10   0

julia> reference_point = [11, 11]
2-element Array{Int64,1}:
 11
 11

julia> hv = hypervolume(front, reference_point)
66.0

Now, let's compute the hypervolume implementation in Julia from result of NSGA3 when solving DTLZ2 test problem.

julia> using Metaheuristics

julia> import Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators: hypervolume

julia> import Metaheuristics: TestProblems, get_non_dominated_solutions

julia> f, bounds, true_front = TestProblems.DTLZ2();

julia> result = optimize(f, bounds, NSGA3());

julia> approx_front = get_non_dominated_solutions(result.population)
                         F space
        ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
      2 │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
   f₂   │⡆⠠⠄⠠⢄⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⡁⠀⠅⠀⠀⡂⠈⠐⣐⠠⢀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠄⠀⠈⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠄⠐⢀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠄⠀⠈⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠁⠠⠀⠀⠄⠁⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠄⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⣀⠢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠄⠀⠂⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⢈⠐⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        │⠄⠀⠂⠀⠈⠀⠂⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠈⠈⠢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
      0 │⡂⢐⠀⢀⠁⠀⡀⠁⠀⡈⠀⢀⠈⠀⡀⠁⡀⢁⢈⢉⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀│
        └────────────────────────────────────────┘
        0                                        2
                           f₁

julia> reference_point = nadir(result.population)
3-element Array{Float64,1}:
 1.0013926518901772
 1.006860268512339
 1.000236732798409

julia> hv = hypervolume(approx_front, reference_point)
0.4196077436654527

$\Delta_p$ (Delta $p$)

Metaheuristics.PerformanceIndicators.deltap — Function
deltap(front, true_pareto_front; p = 1)
Δₚ(front, true_pareto_front; p = 1)

Returns the averaged Hausdorff distance indicator aka Δₚ (Delta p).

"Δₚ" can be typed as \Delta<tab>\_p<tab>.

Parameters

front and true_pareto_front can be:

  • N×m matrix where N is the number of points and m is the number of objectives.
  • Array{xFgh_indiv} (usually State.population)
source